[1] G. Kavitha et al., "Thermodynamic and Emission Analysis of Waste Plastic Oil Fuelled Diesel Engine with Ce-Al Catalyst-Based Catalytic Converters–An Experimental Study," Process Safety and Environmental Protection, p. 106997, 2025 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.psep.2025.106997.
[2] S. Liu et al., "Recent Advances and Perspectives in Catalyst Design for Converting Syngas to Higher Alcohols," Energy & Fuels, vol. 38, no. 16, pp. 14769-14796, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.energyfuels.4c01419.
[3] G. C. Koltsakis and A. M. Stamatelos, "Catalytic automotive exhaust aftertreatment," Progress in Energy and Combustion Science, vol. 23, no. 1, pp. 1-39, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0360-1285(97)00003-8.
[4] J. Koop and O. Deutschmann, "Detailed surface reaction mechanism for Pt-catalyzed abatement of automotive exhaust gases," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 91, no. 1-2, pp. 47-58, 2009 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2009.05.006.
[5] D. Chatterjee, O. Deutschmann, and J. Warnatz, "Detailed surface reaction mechanism in a three-way catalyst," Faraday Discussions, vol. 119, pp. 371-384, 2002 https://doi.org/10.1039/B101968F.
[6] J. Gong et al., "O2 dosage as a descriptor of TWC performance under lean/rich dithering in stoichiometric natural gas engines," Catalysis Today, vol. 360, pp. 294-304, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cattod.2020.02.022.
[7] D. Ferri, M. Elsener, and O. Kröcher, "Methane oxidation over a honeycomb Pd-only three-way catalyst under static and periodic operation," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 220, pp. 67-77, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.070.
[8] M. Wang, P. D. Eggenschwiler, D. Ferri, and O. Kröcher, "Experimental and modeling-based analysis of reaction pathways on catalysts for natural gas engines under periodic lean/rich oscillations," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 430, p. 132848, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2021.132848.
[9] D. Bounechada, G. Groppi, P. Forzatti, K. Kallinen, and T. Kinnunen, "Effect of periodic lean/rich switch on methane conversion over a Ce–Zr promoted Pd-Rh/Al2O3 catalyst in the exhausts of natural gas vehicles," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 119, pp. 91-99, 2012 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2012.02.025.
[10] Y. Tan, C. Kou, J. E, C. Feng, and D. Han, "Effect of different exhaust parameters on conversion efficiency enhancement of a Pd–Rh three-way catalytic converter for heavy-duty natural gas engines," Energy, vol. 292, p. 130483, 2024/04/01/ 2024, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.130483.
[11] Y. Tan, E. Jiaqiang, C. Kou, C. Feng, and D. Han, "Effects of critical structure parameters on conversion performance enhancement of a Pd-Rh dual-carrier catalytic converter for heavy-duty natural gas engines," Energy, p. 131934, 2024 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2024.131934.
[12] Q. Zhang, M. Li, G. Li, S. Shao, and P. Li, "Transient emission characteristics of a heavy-duty natural gas engine at stoichiometric operation with EGR and TWC," Energy, vol. 132, pp. 225-237, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2017.05.039.
[13] R. Hutter, L. De Libero, P. Elbert, and C. H. Onder, "Catalytic methane oxidation in the exhaust gas aftertreatment of a lean-burn natural gas engine," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 349, pp. 156-167, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2018.05.054.
[14] P. Auvinen et al., "A detailed study on regeneration of SO2 poisoned exhaust gas after-treatment catalysts: In pursuance of high durability and low methane, NH3 and N2O emissions of heavy-duty vehicles," Fuel, vol. 291, p. 120223, 2021 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.120223.
[15] Q. Zhang, M. Li, S. Shao, and G. Li, "Ammonia emissions of a natural gas engine at the stoichiometric operation with TWC," Applied Thermal Engineering, vol. 130, pp. 1363-1372, 2018 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2017.11.098.
[16] S. Yoon et al., "Chemical and toxicological properties of emissions from CNG transit buses equipped with three-way catalysts compared to lean-burn engines and oxidation catalyst technologies," Atmospheric Environment, vol. 83, pp. 220-228, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.atmosenv.2013.11.003.
[17] Q. Zhang, Z. Li, Z. Wei, M. Li, and X. Zheng, "Experiment investigation on the emission characteristics of a stoichiometric natural gas engine operating with different reference fuels," Fuel, vol. 269, p. 117449, 2020 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2020.117449.
[18] Z. Zhang et al., "Multi-objective optimization of the three-way catalytic converter on the combustion and emission characteristics for a gasoline engine," Energy, vol. 277, p. 127634, 2023 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.energy.2023.127634.
[19] J. Braun et al., "Influence of physical and chemical parameters on the conversion rate of a catalytic converter: a numerical simulation study," SAE Technical Paper, 0148-7191, 2000 https://doi.org/10.4271/2000-01-0211.
[20] W. Luc et al., "Two-dimensional copper nanosheets for electrochemical reduction of carbon monoxide to acetate," Nature Catalysis, vol. 2, no. 5, pp. 423-430, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1038/s41929-019-0269-8.
[21] D. Di Maio, E. Stramaccioni, D. A. Misul, P. Napolitano, and C. Beatrice, "A Multiphysics Co-Simulation Framework of a Gas Engine and Three-Way Catalyst toward a Complete Vehicle Design Model," Machines, vol. 10, no. 10, p. 852, 2022 https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100852.
[22] M. Doble, "Perry’s chemical engineers’ handbook," McGraw-Hil, New York, US, 2007 https://doi.org/10.3390/machines10100852.
[23] G. C. Koltsakis, P. A. Konstantinidis, and A. M. Stamatelos, "Development and application range of mathematical models for 3-way catalytic converters," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 12, no. 2-3, pp. 161-191, 1997 https://doi.org/10.1016/S0926-3373(96)00073-2.
[24] S. H. Oh and J. C. Cavendish, "Transients of monolithic catalytic converters. Response to step changes in feedstream temperature as related to controlling automobile emissions," Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Product Research and Development, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 29-37, 1982 https://doi.org/10.1021/i300005a006.
[25] Y. Qian et al., "Investigation of the formation characteristics of N2O and NH3 for stoichiometric natural gas engines with Pd-only catalyst," Fuel, vol. 329, p. 125223, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125223.
[26] S. Turms, "An Introduction to Combustion: Concept and Application," ed: McGraw-Hill, 2000 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2022.125223.
[27] F. Huang et al., "Pd or PdO: Catalytic active site of methane oxidation operated close to stoichiometric air-to-fuel for natural gas vehicles," Applied Catalysis B: Environmental, vol. 219, pp. 73-81, 2017 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apcatb.2017.07.037.
[28] D. Lou, Y. Ren, X. Li, Y. Zhang, and X. Sun, "Effect of operating conditions and TWC parameters on emissions characteristics of a stoichiometric natural gas engine," Energies, vol. 13, no. 18, p. 4905, 2020 https://doi.org/10.3390/en13184905.
[29] E. Jiaqiang, J. Luo, D. Han, Y. Tan, C. Feng, and Y. Deng, "Effects of different catalysts on light-off temperature of volatile organic components in the rotary diesel particulate filter during the regeneration," Fuel, vol. 310, p. 122451, 2022 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.fuel.2021.122451.
[30] S. B. Kang, S. J. Han, I.-S. Nam, B. K. Cho, C. H. Kim, and S. H. Oh, "Detailed reaction kinetics for double-layered Pd/Rh bimetallic TWC monolith catalyst," Chemical Engineering Journal, vol. 241, pp. 273-287, 2014 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.039.
[31] Z. Li et al., "Effect of A/F ratio fluctuation on light-off performance of methane of TWC for CNG engine," J. Jilin Univ, vol. 1, pp. 79-87, 2019 https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cej.2013.12.039 .
[32] Y. Cui, M. Shen, J. Wang, J. Wang, G. Shen, C. Wang, "Comprehensive kinetic model of a three-way catalyst for stoichiometric natural gas engines: Experiments and simulation," Journal of the Taiwan Institute of Chemical Engineers, vol. 136, p. 104416, 2022
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtice.2022.104416.